Evaluation of the Impact on the Environment at Building and Reconstruction of Motorways Using the System Analysis Method

From the point of view of the system approach, the interrelation in the system “highway repair – environment” was investigated, which allowed systematizing the main aspects of environmental impact during the technological process of road repair. As a result of the parametric analysis of the subsystems that make up the system, the main groups of environmental parameters that are subject to the effects of technological processes of road repair were identified. The mathematical model of cause-effect relationships in the system under study allows identifying the main aspects of environmental impact during technological processes of road construction and reconstruction. Its application in environmental impact assessment allows forming a criteria base for environmental impact assessment. The article defines the relationship between the process of performing a certain stage of repair work on the project of construction of the highway of state importance N-31 Dnipro – Tsarychanka – Kobeliaky – Reshetylivka and its impact on the environment.


Introduction
Most ecological problems are conditioned by the direct or indirect impact of society on the environment. Unfortunately, neglecting objective laws of development and restoration of the state natural resources complex has led to significant deterioration of the environment in Ukraine, particularly in terms of excessive pollution of surface and groundwater, ambient air and soil.
A threatening ecological situation in Ukraine requires faster integration of the state ecological policy into the social and economic development of the country aiming at environmental requirements provision during the process of the industrial and housing engineering, building, reconstruction and dismantling of constructions. In this context, it is important to achieve equality of the three constituents of the country's stable development (economic, ecological and social) and bring the Law of Ukraine in the sphere of the environmental protection into line with the requirements of the European Union directives.
That is why aiming at convergence with European standards, particularly monitoring the environmental pollution degree and ensuring the rights of inhabitants for the safe environment, in 2017 the Law of Ukraine Environmental Impact Assessment was enacted (hereinafter referred to as the EIA Law) (The Law of Ukraine On Environmental Impact Assessment, 2017). The necessity of enacting the law was conditioned by Ukraine's international obligations appearing from the Convention on Access to Information, Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context, The Protocol on Ukraine's Accession to the Energy Community Treaty and Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement.
During the last two decades, the level of the anthropogenic influence of activities on the environment has significantly increased and is already correlated to the number of natural resources in the separate regions of the globe (Zaporozhets et al., 2017). Providing comfortable conditions for an individual, motorization as a category of social progress has a direct or indirect but inevitably negative impact on the ecological system (State Building Norms, 2003;Transportation Research Board, 2005;Igondova et al., 2016;Report, 1994). Thus, evaluation of the impact of the motorization processes on the environment is the tool to determine the impact. The direct negative impact of the transport system occurs at the increased noise, radiance, emission of harmful substances (Anpilova et al., 2020) and road accidents (Frelich, 2019;Transportation Research Board, 2005). The indirect impact of vehicles is reflected in the fact that the car yearly takes more and more space essential for a human.

Methods
Methods of theoretical and empirical research were used for the analysis. The main ones are systems theory, methods of analysis and synthesis (comparison, analogy, abstraction, formalization, classification). Methods of mathematical modelling, system and parametric analysis were used to formalize the processes of the impact of building and reconstruction of roads on the environment, development of the system model, and parametric description of subsystems.
The objective of the work is the development of a system model of the cause-effect relationship for evaluating the impact of work connected to reconstruction (maintenance) of the motorway on the environment, which will allow integration of a mechanism of increasing the efficiency of evaluating the impact on the environment, especially in the aspect of the road building and reconstruction projects.
To achieve the objective, it is necessary to carry out a parametric analysis of the "maintenance of motorwayenvironment" system constituents.

Results and Discussion
Depending on the source of the impact in interaction with the environment, the road complex can change the geographical landscape (Naveh & Lieberman, 1994;Underhill & Angold, 2000), lead to pollution as a consequence of vehicle functioning and performance of specialized transport, from using protection against dust and black ice, and form noise pollution (Ozer et al., 2009) from maintenance materials (Table 1).
Focus and character of the motorway impact on the natural environment depending on the impact sources are characterised (Fig. 1).
When designing the motorway, all sources of the impact of the motorway on the environment are subject to evaluation, though the level of their performance is significantly different. It is a characteristic feature that the ecological barrier, a dividing line which complicates a lot of natural processes in the environment, such as the movement of wildlife and loss of birds' navigation skills, occurs in the environment (Ecoducts, or animal crossings, 2012;Report, 1993). Rolling stock and sizeable infrastructure of 1 Fig. 1 Impact of the motorway on the environment 2 3 In connection with this, fauna and flora of the ecosystems are heavily and negatively influenced (Fig. 2). 4 This impact is expressed through negative factors such as: 5 -pollution of habitats by vehicle emissions; 6 -loss of fertile land and degradation of plant life due to land relocation for communication lines; 7 -destruction of habitats for animals, birds, aquatic inhabitants and their displacement from ecological niches 8 they occupy. The populations decline due to the ecosystem productivity loss, negative impact of the factors of 9 noise, vibration, gas content, disturbance and direct engagement with vehicles, which lead to species death; 10 the transport expand their performance on big territories, crossing reliefs and landscapes, located in different climatic zones.
In connection with this, fauna and flora of the ecosystems are heavily and negatively influenced (Fig. 2).
This impact is expressed through negative factors such as: _ pollution of habitats by vehicle emissions; _ destruction of habitats for animals, birds, aquatic inhabitants and their displacement from ecological niches they occupy. The populations decline due to the ecosystem productivity loss, negative impact of the factors of noise, vibration, gas content, disturbance and direct engagement with vehicles, which lead to species death; crossing of diel animal migration routes by highways, pipelines, and waterways.
Having evaluated all the negative factors of the impact of transport and roads on the environment, we can distinguish principles of the motorway engineering according to the current environmental standards and requirements ( Fig. 3) which are used during the motorway building and/or maintenance processes. According to the Branch Building Norms (2011), there are two types of maintenance of the motorway, namely comprehensive maintenance and ongoing repairs. It is worth noting that the terms "maintenance of the motorway" and "reconstruction of the motorway" are identical in our research.
Reduction of the impact of motor transport activities on the environment and human is possible through a thorough examination of the issue, adhering to the ecological principles of the motorway engineering because the level of the transport influence on the environment 3 1 Fig. 1 Impact of the motorway on the environment 2 3 In connection with this, fauna and flora of the ecosystems are heavily and negatively influenced (Fig. 2). 4 This impact is expressed through negative factors such as: 5 -pollution of habitats by vehicle emissions; 6 -loss of fertile land and degradation of plant life due to land relocation for communication lines; 7 -destruction of habitats for animals, birds, aquatic inhabitants and their displacement from ecological niches 8 they occupy. The populations decline due to the ecosystem productivity loss, negative impact of the factors of 9 noise, vibration, gas content, disturbance and direct engagement with vehicles, which lead to species death; 10 crossing of diel animal migration routes by highways, pipelines, and waterways. 11 Having evaluated all the negative factors of the impact of transport and roads on the environment, we can 15 distinguish principles of the motorway engineering according to the current environmental standards and 16 requirements ( Fig. 3) which are used during the motorway building and/or maintenance processes. According to 17 the Branch Building Norms (2011), there are two types of maintenance of the motorway, namely comprehensive 18 maintenance and ongoing repairs. It is worth noting that the terms "maintenance of the motorway" and 19 "reconstruction of the motorway" are identical in our research. 20 depends on the correctness of the designed motorway, and considering ecological factors. For example, an effective way to minimize the human-animal conflict is building wildlife crossings, cattle trails, special bridges and tunnels which allow animals to cross the motorway (Sijtsma et al., 2020;Askins, 2012;Guarnieri, 2019).
The first safe motorway crossings for animals -wildlife crossings -have been built in France (Ecoducts, or animal crossings, 2012) since the 1950s. Further, a few European countries, including the Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany, started building them as well (Reck et al., 2019). There are more than 600 tunnels in the Netherlands established under the main and secondary roads and highways, among them the world's longest wildlife crossing of 800 meters in length. Crossings for the wildlife representatives have become more and more popular in Canada and the USA. The most popular of them are located in the Banff National Park in Alberta, where the natural park is divided into two parts by a big commercial road Trans-Canada Highway.

Fig. 3. Ecological principles of the motorway engineering
To reduce the effect from human intervention in nature, 24 crossings and tunnels have been built, thus providing preservation of the habitat and protecting motorists from road accidents. Two types of such crossings are used: above the road and under it. The use of a particular type of the crossing depends on the species diversity and geographical peculiarities of their relocation.
Noise impact of transport and roads remains an important task. Noise-reducing measures need to be planned on the territories, belonging to populated ones. If the limit noise level is exceeded, measures on its reduction need to be taken. Distance from the edge of the carriageway on the highway to civil buildings is set taking into account provision of the standard noise level in the living area (Zaporozhets et al., 2017;Lytvynenko, 2013). Nowadays two groups of measures on the noise abatement are stated and reasoned: technical and planning-constructive.
The following technical measures on the noise abatement can be mentioned on the example of European countries: improvement of the road surface dressing, which allows reducing noise on their surface, and improvement of vehicles constructions (tyres with the lower level of noise when moving). Ecological engineering principles have been determined, the practical use of which is a multifactorial task and requires further research (Khrutba et al., 2015).
The next stage of our research is to study the scheme "maintenance of motorway -environment" using the 4 1 Fig. 3 Ecological principles of the motorway engineering 2 3 Reduction of the impact of motor transport activities on the environment and human is possible through a 4 thorough examination of the issue, adhering to the ecological principles of the motorway engineering because the 5 level of the transport influence on the environment depends on the correctness of the designed motorway, and 6 considering ecological factors. For example, an effective way to minimize the human-animal conflict is building 7 wildlife crossings, cattle trails, special bridges and tunnels which allow animals to cross the motorway (Sijtsma et 8 al., 2020;Askins, 2012;Guarnieri, 2019). 9 The first safe motorway crossings for animals -wildlife crossings -have been built in France (Ecoducts, or 10 animal crossings, 2012) since the 1950s. Further, a few European countries, including the Netherlands, Switzerland 11 and Germany, started building them as well (Reck et al., 2019). There are more than 600 tunnels in the Netherlands 12 established under the main and secondary roads and highways, among them the world's longest wildlife crossing 13 of 800 meters in length. Crossings for the wildlife representatives have become more and more popular in Canada  14 and the USA. The most popular of them are located in the Banff National Park in Alberta, where the natural park 15 is divided into two parts by a big commercial road Trans-Canada Highway. To reduce the effect from human 16 intervention in nature, 24 crossings and tunnels have been built, thus providing preservation of the habitat and 17 protecting motorists from road accidents. Two types of such crossings are used: above the road and under it. The 18 use of a particular type of the crossing depends on the species diversity and geographical peculiarities of their 19 relocation. 20 Noise impact of transport and roads remains an important task. Noise-reducing measures need to be planned 21 on the territories, belonging to populated ones. If the limit noise level is exceeded, measures on its reduction need 22 to be taken. Distance from the edge of the carriageway on the highway to civil buildings is set taking into account 23 provision of the standard noise level in the living area (Zaporozhets et al., 2017;Lytvynenko, 2013). Nowadays 24 two groups of measures on the noise abatement are stated and reasoned: technical and planning-constructive. 25 The following technical measures on the noise abatement can be mentioned on the example of European 26 countries: improvement of the road surface dressing, which allows reducing noise on their surface, and 27 improvement of vehicles constructions (tyres with the lower level of noise when moving). Ecological engineering 28 principles have been determined, the practical use of which is a multifactorial task and requires further research 29 (Khrutba et al., 2015). 30 The next stage of our research is to study the scheme "maintenance of motorway -environment" using the 31 system analysis method. The systems analysis (Horban & Bakhrushyn, 2011) allows in most cases for decision 32 making in studies of individual system elements. In research on the interaction of anthropogenic impacts on the 33 environment (in the aspect of impact and pollution), it is necessary to consider the many interrelationships of the 34 various elements that form the overall goal of the system. 35 Let's review the "maintenance of motorway -environment" system from the point of view of the system 36 analysis based on the classical model of the "black box". The model of the "black box" can be expressed as a set 37 of two processes: ! = { ( )} and ! = { ( )}, t ∈ T.

38
Even if considering ( ) to be the result of a certain process of the transformation 39 ( ), that is ( ) = 0 ( )1, the model of the "black box" considers that this transformation is impossible. Thus, 40 a mathematical model of the "maintenance of motorway -environment" system determines a set of inputs, states, 41 outputs and connections between them: 42 Specifying sets of , and and representations of and , we can pass to the "maintenance of motorway 44 system analysis method. The systems analysis (Horban & Bakhrushyn, 2011) allows in most cases for decision making in studies of individual system elements. In research on the interaction of anthropogenic impacts on the environment (in the aspect of impact and pollution), it is necessary to consider the many interrelationships of the various elements that form the overall goal of the system. Let's review the "maintenance of motorway -environment" system from the point of view of the system analysis based on the classical model of the "black box". The model of the "black box" can be expressed as a set of two processes: 4 1 Fig. 3 Ecological principles of the motorway engineering 2 3 Reduction of the impact of motor transport activities on the environment and hum 4 thorough examination of the issue, adhering to the ecological principles of the motorway 5 level of the transport influence on the environment depends on the correctness of the d 6 considering ecological factors. For example, an effective way to minimize the human-an 7 wildlife crossings, cattle trails, special bridges and tunnels which allow animals to cross t 8 al., 2020; Askins, 2012; Guarnieri, 2019). 9 The first safe motorway crossings for animals -wildlife crossings -have been built 10 animal crossings, 2012) since the 1950s. Further, a few European countries, including the N 11 and Germany, started building them as well (Reck et al., 2019). There are more than 600 tu 12 established under the main and secondary roads and highways, among them the world's 13 of 800 meters in length. Crossings for the wildlife representatives have become more and 14 and the USA. The most popular of them are located in the Banff National Park in Alberta 15 is divided into two parts by a big commercial road Trans-Canada Highway. To reduce 16 intervention in nature, 24 crossings and tunnels have been built, thus providing preserv 17 protecting motorists from road accidents. Two types of such crossings are used: above th 18 use of a particular type of the crossing depends on the species diversity and geographi 19 relocation. 20 Noise impact of transport and roads remains an important task. Noise-reducing mea 21 on the territories, belonging to populated ones. If the limit noise level is exceeded, measu 22 to be taken. Distance from the edge of the carriageway on the highway to civil buildings i 23 provision of the standard noise level in the living area (Zaporozhets et al., 2017;Lytvyn 24 two groups of measures on the noise abatement are stated and reasoned: technical and pla 25 The following technical measures on the noise abatement can be mentioned on th 26 countries: improvement of the road surface dressing, which allows reducing noise 27 improvement of vehicles constructions (tyres with the lower level of noise when moving) 28 principles have been determined, the practical use of which is a multifactorial task and 29 (Khrutba et al., 2015). 30 The next stage of our research is to study the scheme "maintenance of motorway -31 system analysis method. The systems analysis (Horban & Bakhrushyn, 2011) allows in 32 making in studies of individual system elements. In research on the interaction of anthro 33 environment (in the aspect of impact and pollution), it is necessary to consider the many 34 various elements that form the overall goal of the system. 35 Let's review the "maintenance of motorway -environment" system from the poin 36 analysis based on the classical model of the "black box". The model of the "black box" c 37 of two processes: ! = { ( )} and ! = { ( )}, t ∈ T.

38
Even if considering ( ) to be the result of a certain process 39 ( ), that is ( ) = 0 ( )1, the model of the "black box" considers that this transforma 40 a mathematical model of the "maintenance of motorway -environment" system determin 41 outputs and connections between them: 42 Specifying sets of , and and representations of and , we can pass to the "m 44 Even if considering y(t) to be the result of a certain R process of the transformation x(t), that is y(t)=R(x(t)), the model of the "black box" considers that this transformation is impossible. Thus, a mathematical model of the "maintenance of motorway -environment" system determines a set of inputs, states, outputs and connections between them: 4 1 Fig. 3 Ecological principles of the motorway engineering 2 3 Reduction of the impact of motor transport activities on the environment a 4 thorough examination of the issue, adhering to the ecological principles of the mo 5 level of the transport influence on the environment depends on the correctness 6 considering ecological factors. For example, an effective way to minimize the hu 7 wildlife crossings, cattle trails, special bridges and tunnels which allow animals to 8 al., 2020; Askins, 2012; Guarnieri, 2019). 9 The first safe motorway crossings for animals -wildlife crossings -have be 10 animal crossings, 2012) since the 1950s. Further, a few European countries, includi 11 and Germany, started building them as well (Reck et al., 2019). There are more tha 12 established under the main and secondary roads and highways, among them the w 13 of 800 meters in length. Crossings for the wildlife representatives have become m 14 and the USA. The most popular of them are located in the Banff National Park in 15 is divided into two parts by a big commercial road Trans-Canada Highway. To 16 intervention in nature, 24 crossings and tunnels have been built, thus providing 17 protecting motorists from road accidents. Two types of such crossings are used: a 18 use of a particular type of the crossing depends on the species diversity and ge 19 relocation. 20 Noise impact of transport and roads remains an important task. Noise-reduci 21 on the territories, belonging to populated ones. If the limit noise level is exceeded 22 to be taken. Distance from the edge of the carriageway on the highway to civil bu 23 provision of the standard noise level in the living area (Zaporozhets et al., 2017;24 two groups of measures on the noise abatement are stated and reasoned: technical 25 The following technical measures on the noise abatement can be mentione 26 countries: improvement of the road surface dressing, which allows reducin 27 improvement of vehicles constructions (tyres with the lower level of noise when m 28 principles have been determined, the practical use of which is a multifactorial ta 29 (Khrutba et al., 2015). 30 The next stage of our research is to study the scheme "maintenance of moto 31 system analysis method. The systems analysis (Horban & Bakhrushyn, 2011) al 32 making in studies of individual system elements. In research on the interaction o 33 environment (in the aspect of impact and pollution), it is necessary to consider th 34 various elements that form the overall goal of the system. 35 Let's review the "maintenance of motorway -environment" system from 36 analysis based on the classical model of the "black box". The model of the "black 37 of two processes: ! = { ( )} and ! = { ( )}, t ∈ T.

38
Even if considering ( ) to be the result of a certain p 39 ( ), that is ( ) = 0 ( )1, the model of the "black box" considers that this tran 40 a mathematical model of the "maintenance of motorway -environment" system d 41 outputs and connections between them: 42 Specifying sets of , and and representations of and , we can pass to 44 (1) Specifying sets of X, R and Y and representations of σ and η, we can pass to the "maintenance of motorway -environment" system management. Discreteness and continuity over time in the system depend on whether the R set is discrete or continuous. Most frequently in the "maintenance of motorway -environment" systems where X, R and Y are linear spaces, and σ, η are linear operators.
Input parameters for the processes of implementation and maintenance (reconstruction) of the motorway (X i ) are current work plans on building and maintenance of the motorway, available road building materials, and project design documents. Output parameters of the process (Y i ) are quality of the completed work and level of impact on the constituents of the environment. Limits upon the process are standards determining requirements for road building materials, current building regulations on the motorway building, maintenance and/or reconstruction work, requirements for the quality of the completed work, industry-wide environmental standards, regulations on the environmental pollution level, maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) and permissible exposure limit (PEL) indices and other regulatory environmental documentation. Process R, which converts input parameters into output indices, includes changes in technological processes, replacement of technologies and technical means or road building materials, etc. A system model of the motorway reconstruction conduction with an aspect at the environment preservation is provided (Fig. 4).
The analysis of the model shows that permanent monitoring and control of the completed work as well as of the environmental state is an important component of the performance of the motorway building and maintenance work. This allows conducting decomposition of the system into two separate subsystems, namely maintenance of motorway and environment.
Research of interaction of the two given subsystems should be reviewed from the point of view of parametric analysis. Indices showing external characteristics of the system, which is analysed and allows evaluating its impact on the effectiveness of the problems solving by the supersystem of a higher level, correspond to the upper level of the subsystem structure. Separate partial indices of the management system elements will be the lower level accordingly.
By reviewing the "maintenance of motorway" subsystem, we can study all technical and technological processes following the maintenance work fulfilment. The following groups of parameters correspond to the upper level of the subsystem structure: subgrade and drainage (SD), road clothing and surface (RCS), and artificial structures (AS). Each of them is characterized by separate partial indices of the management system elements.
Parametric description of the comprehensive maintenance processes in the "maintenance of motorway" subsystem is shown in Table 2.
When researching the "environment" subsystem, we can identify possible constituents of the environment, which , and are linear spaces, and , are linear operators. 3 Input parameters for the processes of implementation and maintenance (reconstruction) of the motorway 4 ( $ ) are current work plans on building and maintenance of the motorway, available road building materials, and 5 project design documents. Output parameters of the process ( $ ) are quality of the completed work and level of 6 impact on the constituents of the environment. Limits upon the process are standards determining requirements 7 for road building materials, current building regulations on the motorway building, maintenance and/or 8 reconstruction work, requirements for the quality of the completed work, industry-wide environmental standards, 9 regulations on the environmental pollution level, maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) and permissible 10 exposure limit (PEL) indices and other regulatory environmental documentation. Process R, which converts input 11 parameters into output indices, includes changes in technological processes, replacement of technologies and 12 technical means or road building materials, etc. A system model of the motorway reconstruction conduction with 13 an aspect at the environment preservation is provided (Fig. 4). 14 15 16 Fig. 4 The system model of the motorway reconstruction with an aspect at the environment preservation 17 18 The analysis of the model shows that permanent monitoring and control of the completed work as well as of 19 the environmental state is an important component of the performance of the motorway building and maintenance 20 work. This allows conducting decomposition of the system into two separate subsystems, namely maintenance of 21 Table 2. Parametric description of the "maintenance of motorway" subsystem № Name of the "maintenance of motorway" subsystem parameters Designation 1. Subgrade and drainage group of parameters (SD) 1.1 Repair of subgrade in the plan, longitudinal and cross-section profiles SD 1 1.2 Elimination of destruction which occurred as a result of insufficient drainage, natural disasters or sliding processes 3.9 Reconstruction, arrangement of the drainage system AS 9 3.10 Maintenance and arrangement of tunnels, galleries and avalanche constructions (settlement, waterproofing, drainage, etc.) AS 10 3.11 Replacement and distribution of culverts AS 11 3.12 Replacement of small bridges to pipes-line AS 12 (PhI), geological factors (GP), waste generation and management (WGM), and social pressure (SP). Each of them is characterized by separate partial indices of the management system elements. Parametric description of processes of impact on the environment in the "environment" subsystem is shown in Table 3.
Separately, we specify parameters of weather and meteorology conditions which can have impact on motorway maintenance and reconstruction work processes, such as rain (WMC1), snow (WMC2), frost (WMC3), ground frost (WMC4), and fog (WMC5).
Integration of the two subsystems allows a systematic study when technological processes during the motorway maintenance can have the most dangerous impact on the elements of the environment, natural one first of all.
Analysis of the data from Table 2 and Table 3 allows defining interconnection between the process of the maintenance work first stage and its impact on the environment. Let's present the given cause-effect relationship in the "motorway maintenance -environment" system as a mathematical model (2) as a combination of parameters presented in Tables 2 and 3 and weather and meteorological conditions.
Thus, the suggested model is the basis for identifying the impact of separate work connected to the motorway 3 building and/or reconstruction (maintenance) processes on the environment, natural one first of all. The use of the 4 model will allow developing a mechanism for improving the effectiveness of evaluating the impact on the 5 environment, especially in the aspect of road building and reconstruction projects. 6 This model was used in preparation of the Environmental Impact Report for the construction project of the H-7 31 State Road Dnipro -Tsarychanka -Kobeliaky -Reshetylivka from Loboikivka village to the border of 8 Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (Environmental Impact Report, 2018). The model allowed revealing the relationship 9 between the processes of a certain stage of repair works and their impact on the environment. Table 4 shows a 10 fragment of the result of the parametric analysis of the impact of production processes on the environment. 11 12 Table 4 Example of a parametric analysis of the project's environmental impact (Environmental Impact Report,13 2018). 14 15

Production process "Environment" system parameter Marking
Intersection and adjacency Arrangement of transport interchange on PC 44 + 50 Indicators of mass emissions and concentrations of pollutants in the air near the road reconstruction processes -Arrangement of pavement "torn" ring Carbon monoxide AP1 Arrangement of pavement "torn" ring Nitric oxide AP3 Adding green area Impact on flora BD1 16 Conclusions 17 18 The study has shown the application of parametric analysis in relation to the negative factors of the impact 19 of road construction and reconstruction processes on the environment, allowing systematization of aspects of the 20 impact on the environment of individual production processes, taking into account existing environmental 21 standards and requirements. The developed mathematical model shows the cause-and-effect relationship in the 22 system "road repair -environment" as a set of environmental parameters and weather and meteorological 23 conditions 24 The model allows identifying interconnection between the process of carrying out a specific stage of the 25 maintenance work of the project of construction of the H-31 State Road Dnipro -Tsarychanka -Kobeliaky -26 Reshetylivka and its impact on the environment. The use of the proposed tool in the preparation of the 27 Environmental Impact Assessment Report minimizes the time for both the preparation of the Report and its review 28 for obtaining a permit for the planned activity. 29 30 References 31  Thus, the suggested model is the basis for identifying the impact of separate work connected to the motorway building and/or reconstruction (maintenance) processes on the environment, natural one first of all. The use of the model will allow developing a mechanism for improving the effectiveness of evaluating the impact on the environment, especially in the aspect of road building and reconstruction projects.
This model was used in preparation of the Environmental Impact Report for the construction project of the H-31 State Road Dnipro -Tsarychanka -Kobeliaky -Reshetylivka from Loboikivka village to the border of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (Environmental Impact Report, 2018). The model allowed revealing the relationship between the processes of a certain stage of repair works and their impact on the environment. Table 4 shows a fragment of the result of the Table 4. Example of a parametric analysis of the project's environmental impact (Environmental Impact Report, 2018) Production process "Environment" system parameter Marking Intersection and adjacency Arrangement of transport interchange on PC 44 + 50 Indicators of mass emissions and concentrations of pollutants in the air near the road reconstruction processes -Arrangement of pavement "torn" ring Carbon monoxide AP1 Arrangement of pavement "torn" ring Nitric oxide AP3 Adding green area Impact on flora BD1 parametric analysis of the impact of production processes on the environment.

Conclusions
The study has shown the application of parametric analysis in relation to the negative factors of the impact of road construction and reconstruction processes on the environment, allowing systematization of aspects of the impact on the environment of individual production processes, taking into account existing environmental standards and requirements. The developed mathematical model shows the cause-and-effect relationship in the system "road repair -environment" as a set of environmental parameters and weather and meteorological conditions The model allows identifying interconnection between the process of carrying out a specific stage of the maintenance work of the project of construction of the H-31 State Road Dnipro -Tsarychanka -Kobeliaky -Reshetylivka and its impact on the environment. The use of the proposed tool in the preparation of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report minimizes the time for both the preparation of the Report and its review for obtaining a permit for the planned activity.