Comparative Study of Project Delivery System: Impact on Green Building Performance and Certification in Indonesia

Abstract

This study examines the effectiveness of three project delivery system (PDS) methods design-bid-build (DBB), design-build (DB), and construction management (CM) in managing green projects in Indonesia, with a particular focus on achieving green building certification performance under Indonesia's Green Building (Bangunan Gedung Hijau/BGH) rating system. The BGH system consists of three certification levels: BGH Pratama (basic level, 56% implementation of green project requirements), BGH Madya (intermediate level, 86% implementation), and BGH Utama (highest level, 100% implementation). Data collection was conducted through a survey of 109 respondents consisting of project stakeholders in five major cities in Indonesia, with a composition of 39% DB, 33% CM, and 28% DBB. Analysis using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) shows that each PDS method has distinct characteristics and advantages in achieving different BGH certification targets. The DB method shows advantages in achieving the highest certification level (BGH Utama – 100% implementation of green project requirements) and the intermediate level (BGH Madya – 86% implementation), but is less than optimal for the basic level (BGH Pratama). In contrast, CM performs best in achieving BGH Pratama, although relatively lower for BGH Utama. DBB shows moderate consistency at all BGH levels. Important findings indicate that the optimal implementation achieved in the field only reaches 86%, regardless of the PDS method used. The results of this study indicate that the selection of PDS methods for green building projects should be tailored to the targeted BGH certification level: DB is more suitable for projects with high certification targets, CM for projects with basic certification targets, while DBB offers a more balanced approach for all certification levels.